In this article, readers will learn about the rich and bold characteristics of dark roast coffee, including its production process and the various types of dark roast beans. We will explore the beverage’s antioxidant properties and how they affect free radicals, alongside numerous health benefits such as reduced risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and protection against Parkinson’s disease. Moreover, mental health advantages include reduced depression and anxiety, enhanced cognitive function, and improved memory.
Understanding Dark Roast Coffee
What is Dark Roast Coffee?
Dark roast coffee refers to coffee beans that have been roasted to a higher temperature for a more extended period compared to other roasting levels. Generally, this roasting level creates a dark brown, almost black color with a shiny surface coated in the coffee’s natural oils. The beans’ flavors and notes are usually bold, rich, and robust due to this more extensive roasting process. Dark roast coffee often has a lower acidity level than lighter roasts, which can be seen as a smoother, more robust taste.
In addition to the flavor difference, dark roast coffee beans have a slightly lower caffeine content compared to lighter roasts; however, this difference is relatively minimal. The misconception that dark roasts have significantly higher caffeine content is mainly due to the bolder flavor profiles with a more pronounced bitterness, which people often associate with higher caffeine levels.
Dark roast coffee is preferred by many people around the world due to its strong and bold flavors, lower acidity, and more full-bodied taste. It is a popular choice for espresso drinks and can also be used for drip coffee, French press, and other brewing methods, depending on personal preferences.
Dark Roasting Process
The dark roasting process begins with green coffee beans, which are then heated to high temperatures to develop their flavors, aroma, and acquire the desired color. The difference between a light roast and a dark roast is the temperature and the length of time the beans are roasted. A longer roasting time and higher temperature are what give dark roast coffee its distinguishable characteristics.
During the roasting process, the beans go through the first and second crack stages. The first crack usually occurs around 385°F (196°C), and that’s when light roasts are removed from the heat. Dark roasts, on the other hand, are allowed to continue roasting for an extended period, reaching temperatures between 430°F (221°C) and 450°F (232°C) and more.
At these higher temperatures, natural oils within the coffee beans rise to the surface, giving them a shiny appearance, and the beans expand further. The flavor of the coffee beans shifts from the inherent flavors of the bean to the richer and bolder roast flavors, losing some of the original fruity or floral notes during the process. The dark roasting process also develops a more caramelized and toasted flavor due to the sugar found within the beans.
Types of Dark Roast Coffee Beans
There are several different types of dark roast coffee beans based on the level of roasting or the region they come from. Here are a few common types of dark roast coffee categorized by the roasting levels:
- Full City Roast: This is the first level of dark roast, and it is typically taken out of the roasting process right after the second crack begins. This roast has a rich, bold flavor with a slight hint of the original bean flavor retained.
- Vienna Roast: This roast is taken out of the roasting process during the middle of the second crack. The beans have a dark brown color with a shiny surface due to the oils being drawn out from the bean. The flavors are more intense, and the roast notes become more prominent.
- French Roast: The beans are roasted for an extended period, producing a deep, dark brown color with a shiny surface from the oils. The flavors are bold and robust, with a smoky and caramelized profile. It is essential not to confuse it with French coffee, which refers to a brewing method rather than a roast level.
- Italian Roast: This is an even darker roast with a nearly black color and a high sheen from the coffee oils. The flavors are robust, smoky, and very bold. It is a prevalent roast for espresso.
It is crucial to note that not all beans are suitable for dark roasting. Robusta beans and some Arabica beans from specific regions such as Sumatra, Brazil, and Indonesia typically have the characteristics that can withstand this more intense roasting process without losing their unique flavors.
Antioxidant Properties of Dark Roast Coffee
Presence of Antioxidants
Dark roast coffee is obtained by roasting coffee beans at a relatively high temperature for a longer duration, resulting in a darker color and a bold, robust flavor. One of the essential health benefits of dark roast coffee lies in its antioxidant content. Research suggests that dark roast coffee contains a higher amount of antioxidants compared to lighter roasts.
Antioxidants are crucial in the human diet as they help combat oxidative stress, which is caused by the presence of free radicals in the body. Oxidative stress can lead to several health issues, including inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, and even cancer. In dark roast coffee, the presence of phenolic compounds such as chlorogenic acids (CGAs) and melanoidins endows it with its powerful antioxidant properties.
During the roasting process of coffee beans, CGAs undergo degradation; however, a longer roasting time results in the formation of new antioxidant compounds, mainly melanoidins. These compounds are primarily responsible for the higher antioxidant profile in dark roast coffee. According to several studies, melanoidins have been proven to provide protection against oxidative damage to cellular DNA, lipids, and proteins.
Additionally, the antioxidant content in dark roast coffee is also affected by the type of coffee bean, the geographical origin, and the roasting process itself. Antioxidant-rich varieties of coffee beans, like Arabica and Robusta, can provide a higher content of antioxidants in the final cup of dark roast coffee.
Effect on Free Radicals
Free radicals are unstable and highly reactive molecules that can cause damage to the body’s cells, leading to oxidative stress. The presence of antioxidants in dark roast coffee helps neutralize these free radicals, preventing them from causing harm to the body’s essential components. In this way, dark roast coffee helps combat cell damage from free radicals.
The ability of dark roast coffee to fight free radicals is attributed to the high levels of both CGAs and melanoidins. Many studies demonstrated that CGAs have strong antioxidant capacity, as they can neutralize several types of free radicals. Contrarily, melanoidins formed during the roasting process contribute to the protection of the body’s cells from free radical damage.
By targeting and neutralizing free radicals, dark roast coffee aids in maintaining healthy tissues and reducing the risk of developing chronic diseases caused by oxidative stress.
Nrf2 Activation
An essential mechanism through which dark roast coffee contributes to its antioxidant properties is its ability to activate the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor that plays a critical role in the body’s response to oxidative stress. When the human body is exposed to oxidative stress, Nrf2 migrates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where it promotes the expression of antioxidant defense genes.
Dark roast coffee has been proven to activate the Nrf2 pathway and induce the expression of various antioxidant defense genes that encode for enzymes involved in detoxification, such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). This activation provides an essential line of defense against damage caused by oxidative stress.
Dark roast coffee exhibits strong antioxidant properties due to its high content of phenolic compounds such as CGAs and melanoidins. It helps neutralize free radicals, preventing cell damage linked to various chronic diseases. Furthermore, it activates the Nrf2 signaling pathway, which also strengthens the body’s antioxidant defense. Consuming dark roast coffee selectively can be part of a healthy diet, potentially protecting the body against the harmful effects of oxidative stress.
Health Benefits of Dark Roast Coffee
Numerous studies have explored the myriad health benefits associated with the consumption of dark roast coffee. Ranging from reducing the risk of severe diseases to promoting weight management and metabolism, dark roast coffee is an excellent choice for people looking to improve their overall health.
Reduced Risk of Heart Disease
Dark roast coffee has been linked with a lower risk of heart disease, which is the leading cause of death globally. The antioxidants present in dark roast coffee, such as chlorogenic acid, are thought to help reduce inflammation and oxidative stress. These factors contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease. By consuming dark roast coffee regularly, individuals can potentially lower their risk of heart disease, thereby leading to improved heart health and an overall healthier lifestyle.
Lowered Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Several studies have suggested that the consumption of dark roast coffee can lower the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. This is primarily because of the high levels of antioxidants found in dark roast coffee, specifically chlorogenic acid. This compound helps in reducing insulin resistance, promoting better glucose control and reducing the risk of diabetes. Dark roast coffee also contains minerals such as magnesium, which helps increase insulin sensitivity in the body. By consuming dark roast coffee regularly, individuals can experience lower blood sugar levels and potentially reduce their risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Protection Against Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder that affects movement and motor functions. Recent studies have shown that individuals who drink dark roast coffee may have a reduced risk of developing Parkinson’s disease. The caffeine found in dark roast coffee is thought to have neuroprotective properties, inhibiting the production of a protein called alpha-synuclein, which can cause the development of the disease when built up in the brain. Moreover, the antioxidants present in dark roast coffee may also play a role in protecting brain cells from oxidative stress, which can contribute to the development of neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson’s disease.
Colorectal Cancer Prevention
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer diagnosed worldwide. Research has demonstrated that the consumption of dark roast coffee may decrease the risk of developing colorectal cancer. The high levels of antioxidants found in dark roast coffee can help counteract the effects of damaging free radicals associated with cancer development. Additionally, the polyphenols in dark roast coffee have anti-inflammatory properties that may protect against colorectal cancer progression. By incorporating dark roast coffee into their daily routine, individuals can potentially lower their risk of developing this type of cancer.
Improved Liver Health
Dark roast coffee has been positively associated with better liver health, as studies have shown that it can help in reducing the risk of liver diseases such as cirrhosis, fibrosis, and even liver cancer. Dark roast coffee contains antioxidants that can alleviate anti-inflammatory and oxidative stress responses in the liver, protecting it from damage caused by harmful substances such as alcohol and high-fat diets. Furthermore, the caffeine found in dark roast coffee can also contribute to improved liver health by reducing the accumulation of fat in the liver and promoting liver regeneration.
Weight Management and Metabolism
Incorporating dark roast coffee into your daily regimen can also benefit weight management and metabolism. The caffeine found in dark roast coffee helps boost metabolism, in turn, promoting the burning of calories and fat. Additionally, the antioxidants in dark roast coffee have been shown to reduce appetite, potentially leading to reduced calorie intake and aiding in weight management. Dark roast coffee can also stimulate the production of a peptide called glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), which can help improve glucose and insulin balance in the body, as well as promote feelings of fullness and satiety. Overall, dark roast coffee can provide valuable support for those looking to maintain a healthy weight and improve their metabolism.
Mental Health Benefits
Physical activities and exercise have long been known to positively influence overall well-being, including mental health. Incorporating exercise into a regular routine can contribute to various mental health advantages, such as a reduced risk of depression, enhanced cognitive function, memory improvement, and reduced anxiety.
Reduced Risk of Depression
Numerous studies have shown that engaging in regular physical activity can significantly decrease the risk of developing depression. Exercise increases the release of endorphins, which are chemicals within the brain that help to promote a feeling of happiness and well-being. This can, in turn, help to alleviate feelings of sadness, which are commonly associated with depression.
Furthermore, physical activity has been found to promote the growth of new neurons in the brain, which are associated with enhanced mood regulation. Regular exercise can also help to decrease inflammation in the brain, a factor that has been linked to an increased risk of developing depression.
The social aspect of participating in group or team sports can also contribute to a reduced risk of depression. Being part of a group or team provides a sense of belonging and support, which can contribute to improved mental health.
Enhanced Cognitive Function
Regular exercise can also have a significant impact on cognitive function. A systematic review of studies published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine found evidence that aerobic exercise can improve cognition, with benefits including increased attention, processing speed, and executive function.
Exercise increases blood flow to the brain, which delivers essential nutrients and oxygen. This improved blood flow also helps to facilitate the release of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, which regulate mood and cognitive function. Because of these neurological benefits, engaging in regular physical activity can lead to improved focus, concentration, and mental clarity.
Memory Improvement
In addition to the cognitive benefits of exercise, it has also been found to positively impact memory. Studies suggest that engaging in regular physical activity can help to increase the size of the hippocampus, which is the part of the brain responsible for memory and learning. This growth can lead to improved retention and recall of information.
Exercise has been shown to support neuronal plasticity, which is the brain’s ability to form and reorganize synaptic connections. This increased neural plasticity can lead to improvements in memory and learning.
Reduced Anxiety
Anxiety disorders affect a significant portion of the population, with detrimental impacts on daily life and overall well-being. Fortunately, one of the most effective ways to combat anxiety is through regular exercise.
Physical activity stimulates the release of endorphins, which not only improve mood but also serve as natural painkillers, helping to alleviate stress and tension. Exercise is also known to increase the release of serotonin, which helps to regulate mood and decrease the symptoms of anxiety.
Moreover, regular exercise can help to build confidence and resilience, as individuals are able to set and achieve goals, witness progress, and develop healthier coping mechanisms. By addressing anxiety through regular physical activity, individuals can work towards improved mental health, leading to a higher quality of life.
Taste Profile and Flavor of Dark Roast Coffee
Dark roast coffee is known for its bold and robust flavor, offering a more intense coffee experience. Its taste profile is distinct, with lower acidity and a pronounced bitterness that tends to overshadow the delicate and fruity flavors more commonly found in light roast beans.
Bitterness and Acidity Levels
One of the most significant characteristics of dark roast coffee is its bitterness. The increased bitterness of dark roast coffee is a result of the extended roasting process used to create these beans, which breaks down more of the compounds responsible for the sweetness and acidity present in lighter roasts. As the beans are roasted for longer periods, more of the sugars within the beans are caramelized, leading to a deeper and more robust flavor.
Alongside the bitterness, the acidity levels in dark roast coffee are lower than in light roast beans. Acidity is often associated with the bright, fruity, and tangy flavors found in lightly roasted beans, but in a dark roast, these flavors tend to be overshadowed by more intense and bitter notes. In some cases, this lower acidity can result in a smoother, richer, and more full-bodied cup.
Richness and Boldness
Dark roast coffee is known for its full-bodied and bold characteristics, which can create a long-lasting and intense flavor experience. The richness of a dark roast is due to the longer roasting times used when preparing the beans, which allows for the development of fuller and more complex flavors. Dark roast beans often have a thicker and heavier mouthfeel than their lighter counterparts, leading to a more substantial and satisfying coffee experience.
Boldness is another prominent feature of dark roast coffee that contributes to its distinct taste profile. Bolder coffee flavors are achieved through the extended roasting process, which breaks down the delicate, fruity, and floral notes of lighter roasted beans and unveils deeper, more intense flavors. The bold taste of dark roast coffee may be due in part to the presence of certain compounds that are produced when beans are roasted for longer periods, such as melanoidins. These compounds contribute to the intense and robust flavors commonly associated with dark roast beans.
Notable Flavor Notes
While the taste profile of dark roast coffee can be characterized by its bitterness, lower acidity, and boldness, several specific flavor notes are often associated with this style of roast. Some of these notes include:
- Chocolate and cocoa: One of the most common flavor notes that emerge in dark roast coffee is a chocolate or cocoa-like flavor, which can range from sweet milk chocolate to bitter dark chocolate. This chocolaty note is due to the caramelization of sugars and the development of more complex flavors during the extended roasting process.
- Spices and smokiness: Dark roast coffee can be more likely to showcase notes of spices and smokiness, which can introduce complexity and depth to the coffee’s flavor. These smoky and spicy flavors are often attributed to the longer roasting times, which exposes coffee beans to higher temperatures for extended periods.
- Caramel and toasted nuts: The extended roasting process involved in creating dark roast beans can produce flavors reminiscent of caramel and toasted nuts. These flavors are derived from the caramelization of sugars within the coffee beans, as well as the Maillard reaction, which develops flavors typically associated with roasted or toasted foods.
Dark roast coffee boasts a bold and robust taste profile characterized by pronounced bitterness, lower acidity levels, and rich, complex flavors. The unique flavor notes of chocolate, spices, and caramel are a result of the extended roasting process used to create these beans. Though dark roast coffee may not be for everyone, those who appreciate its intense and full-bodied qualities will undoubtedly find great pleasure in this distinctive coffee style.
Best Brewing Methods for Dark Roast Coffee
Dark roast coffee delivers a rich, bold taste with a fuller body than its light or medium roast counterparts. With the right brewing method, you can elevate the taste even more, making a delicious and satisfying cup that will have you coming back for more. There are several ways to brew dark roast coffee, so let’s discuss the top four methods that unleash the full potential of these rich, bold beans.
French Press
The French Press is an excellent method for brewing dark roast coffee as it delivers a strong, robust cup with little effort. This brewing technique relies on immersion, where coffee grounds are submerged in hot water for a few minutes, then pressed through a metal mesh filter to separate the grounds from the liquid.
To use a French Press for dark roast coffee, you should:
- Coarsely grind your beans, which is perfect for the French Press’s metal filter and is less likely to produce an over-extracted, bitter cup.
- Use a coffee to water ratio of approximately 1:15. Adjust this to suit your taste, but make sure not to underdo it or your coffee may lack flavor.
- Bring water to a temperature of around 200°F (93°C), which is just below boiling.
- Pour the water over the coffee grounds slowly and evenly, letting them bloom (expand) for about 30 seconds. This helps release trapped gases in your beans and ensures an even extraction.
- Stir the coffee and water mixture gently with a long spoon to ensure all the grounds are saturated.
- Cover the French Press and let it steep for 4-5 minutes. The longer you let it steep, the stronger the coffee will be, but avoid letting it steep for too long or it may become bitter.
- Press the plunger slowly and evenly until the coffee grounds are completely separated from the liquid.
- Pour your coffee carefully into your cup, leaving a small amount of liquid behind to avoid any sediment.
The result is a rich, full-bodied dark roast coffee with a strong taste that captures the essence of the roast.
Espresso Machine
An espresso machine brings out the dark, intense taste of dark roast coffee beans. The high pressure and short contact time between water and grounds result in a concentrated extraction of flavor.
To prepare a great dark roast coffee in an espresso machine, you should:
- Grind your beans to a fine consistency, perfect for the tightly packed, pressurized brewing method.
- Use a proper dosage of coffee for your machine, typically between 18-22 grams of ground coffee.
- Tamp the grounds evenly and firmly to ensure even water distribution throughout the puck.
- Make sure your water temperature is around 200°F (93°C) for optimal extraction.
- Start brewing and observe the espresso flow for a consistent stream and the desired volume.
With a good espresso machine and technique, you can enjoy the savory, caramelized flavors and robust notes of a dark roast coffee.
Cold Brew
Cold brewing is a gentler method for extracting the flavors from your dark roast coffee because it uses cool water and an extended steeping time. This results in a smoother, sweeter, and less acidic coffee with a fuller body.
To make a cold brew with dark roast coffee, follow these steps:
- Coarsely grind your beans to avoid a muddy brew and a better-filtered final product.
- Use a coffee to water ratio of 1:4 to 1:8, depending on your desired strength.
- Combine your coffee grounds with cold or room temperature water, making sure all the grounds are saturated.
- Let your mixture steep for 12-24 hours, either in the refrigerator or at room temperature.
- When the steeping time is up, filter the coffee through a fine mesh strainer or cheesecloth to remove the grounds.
Cold brewing dark roast coffee highlights the bold, chocolaty notes and mitigates the bitterness, making it a tasty and refreshing drink served over ice.
Drip Coffee Maker
A drip coffee maker is a convenient and straightforward method for brewing dark roast coffee. This method uses gravity and a paper or metal filter to extract the coffee’s flavors.
To get the most out of dark roast coffee in a drip coffee maker, you should:
- Grind your beans to a medium coarse consistency for even extraction.
- Use a coffee to water ratio of 1:15, adjusting to your taste preference.
- Make sure your water temperature is around 200°F (93°C) for optimal extraction.
- Brew as per your machine’s instructions, ensuring the coffee ground bed remains evenly saturated throughout the brew process.
A well-executed dark roast coffee brewed in a drip coffee maker can be a comforting, familiar cup with a full, earthy, and robust flavor.
By choosing the right brewing method for your dark roast coffee, you can elevate its taste and enjoy the bold, satisfying flavors it has to offer. Experiment with different methods to find your personal favorite and make your dark roast coffee experience unforgettable.
Tips for Choosing and Storing Dark Roast Coffee
Dark roast coffee is loved by many for its bold, rich, and robust flavors. However, proper selection and storage of dark roast coffee can significantly impact its quality and freshness. To enjoy the best dark roast coffee experience, it’s important to pay close attention to the beans you buy and how you store them.
Buying Whole Beans vs. Pre-ground Coffee
When purchasing coffee, one of the key decisions you need to make is whether to buy whole beans or pre-ground coffee. Both options have their own pros and cons, and it’s essential to understand the differences to make an informed choice according to your preferences and brewing method.
Whole beans are advantageous, as they contain volatile oils and aromatics that contribute to the coffee’s flavor, fragrance, and freshness. When you grind the beans, these oils and aromatics are exposed to the air and begin to lose their potency. Thus, buying whole beans and grinding them just before brewing ensures that you’ll capture the freshest and most flavorful cup of coffee possible.
However, if you prefer the ease and convenience of pre-ground coffee or if you don’t own a coffee grinder, you can still find high-quality dark roasts. When purchasing pre-ground coffee, look for vacuum-sealed packaging or a bag with a one-way valve, which helps prolong the freshness of the coffee by allowing carbon dioxide to escape while blocking oxygen.
Storing Coffee Beans for Freshness
Proper storage of your dark roast coffee beans is essential to maintain their flavorful characteristics and aroma. To keep your beans fresh, follow these essential tips:
- Store your beans in a cool, dark place: Exposure to heat can cause your beans to age more quickly and lose their flavor. Keep your beans away from direct sunlight or heat sources, like an oven or radiator.
- Use an airtight container: A container with a tight seal helps prevent exposure to oxygen and moisture, which can significantly affect coffee’s freshness. Ceramic, glass, or stainless steel canisters with airtight seals are the best options for storing coffee beans.
- Avoid storing in the fridge: Contrary to popular belief, storing your coffee beans in the refrigerator is not a good idea. The fridge’s moisture can cause condensation on the beans, leading to mold or bacteria growth. Moreover, the beans can absorb odors from other foods, affecting their flavor.
- Buy amounts proportional to consumption: It’s best to purchase coffee beans in smaller quantities, which are enough for one to two weeks of consumption. This ensures you always have fresh beans on hand and prevents long-term storage, which can lead to staleness.
Organic and Fair-Trade Options
As a conscious consumer, you might want to consider organic and fair-trade coffee options when choosing your dark roast beans. Organic coffee is grown without the use of synthetic chemicals or pesticides, which is better for the environment, as well as for the farmers who grow the coffee.
Moreover, fair-trade certification ensures that the coffee is produced under ethical standards, providing a fair wage and safe working conditions for coffee farmers. Fair-trade and organic coffees often carry higher price tags, but supporting these environmentally friendly and ethical practices contributes to a more sustainable coffee industry.
When selecting your dark roast coffee, keep these factors in mind to make a choice that aligns with your priorities, preferences, and values. By paying attention to bean types, storage methods, and sustainable practices, you can enjoy a delicious and flavorful cup of dark roast coffee while supporting a healthier planet and fair working conditions for coffee farmers.
Benefits of Dark Roast Coffee – FAQs
1. What are the potential health benefits of dark roast coffee?
Dark roast coffee offers several health benefits, including high antioxidant content, reduced inflammation, and improved heart health. Its antioxidants help neutralize free radicals, while its anti-inflammatory properties help lower the risk of chronic diseases (Perrone, Donangelo & Farah, 2012).
2. How does dark roast coffee’s antioxidant content compare to lighter roasts?
Dark roast coffee generally contains higher levels of antioxidants compared to lighter roasts. During the roasting process, antioxidant activity increases as the beans darken, providing a greater protective effect against oxidative stress (Trugo & Macrae, 1984).
3. Can drinking dark roast coffee contribute to weight loss efforts?
Dark roast coffee may aid in weight loss by promoting the release of the hormone peptide YY (PYY), which is associated with increased satiety and reduced caloric intake. Additionally, the caffeine content can help boost metabolism and fat oxidation (Greenberg, Geliebter & Boozer, 2006).
4. How does dark roast coffee affect brain health and cognitive function?
Dark roast coffee contains compounds that inhibit the production of beta-amyloid, a protein associated with Alzheimer’s disease. The high antioxidant content may also protect brain cells from oxidative stress, thereby maintaining cognitive function and reducing neurodegenerative diseases risk (Turkheimer, 2006).
5. Are there any digestive benefits linked to dark roast coffee consumption?
Dark roast coffee contains N-methylpyridinium (NMP), which stimulates the production of gastric acid in the stomach. This can improve digestion and aid in nutrient absorption. Additionally, dark roast coffee is less acidic than lighter roasts, making it gentler on the stomach (Lang, Lang & Böttner, 2013).
6. Is there a link between dark roast coffee and decreased risk of type-2 diabetes?
Dark roast coffee consumption may lower the risk of type-2 diabetes due to its high antioxidant content and anti-inflammatory properties. Antioxidants play a role in improving insulin sensitivity, while anti-inflammatory effects aid in regulating blood sugar levels (van Dam & Hu, 2005).